Fiona

Fiona is a Python library for reading and writing vector geospatial data formats like Shapefile and GeoJSON. It offers a clean interface for accessing geographic features and integrates well with Shapely and Geopandas. Supporting multiple coordinate reference systems (CRS), Fiona is ideal for tasks like data import/export, format conversion, and geospatial data cleaning.

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Geopandas

Geopandas is an extension of Pandas designed for working with geospatial data. It supports spatial data types such as points, lines, and polygons, and integrates libraries like Shapely and Fiona to read and write various vector formats (e.g., GeoJSON, Shapefile). With a user-friendly API, Geopandas enables spatial analysis and visualization, making it a powerful tool for geographic data analysis, mapping, and spatial modeling.

Shapely

Shapely is a Python library for manipulating and analyzing geometric objects like points, lines, and polygons. Built on top of GEOS (the engine behind PostGIS), it provides efficient operations such as intersection, union, and buffer analysis. Widely used in spatial analysis, GIS development, and map data processing, Shapely serves as a foundational dependency for many other geospatial libraries.

Rasterio

Rasterio is a Python library for working with raster geospatial data, such as satellite imagery and digital elevation models. Built on GDAL, it provides a NumPy-like array interface for handling remote sensing images. Rasterio supports various file formats, projection transformations, and metadata access, making it widely used in remote sensing analysis, terrain modeling, and geospatial image processing.

Cartopy

Cartopy is a Python library for geospatial plotting, focusing on map projections and geographic visualization. Integrated with Matplotlib, it supports various map projections (e.g., Mercator, polar) and overlays geographic features like coastlines, rivers, and country borders. Cartopy is commonly used in scientific research, meteorology, and environmental monitoring for mapping and spatial analysis.

PyProj

PyProj is a Python interface for coordinate system transformations, wrapping the functionality of the PROJ library. It allows conversions between different coordinate reference systems (CRS), such as latitude/longitude to UTM coordinates. Used in geospatial processing, navigation systems, and surveying applications, PyProj plays a key role in many geospatial libraries.